Forced Continuity:
causing automatic renewals or payments by converting free trials to paid subscriptions or charging higher prices without user notice or consent.

• Obtain express consent from consumers when converting free trials to paid subscriptions or charging higher prices.
• Notify consumers of major changes at least 7 days before the change takes effect.

Drip Pricing:
intentionally advertising a low price initially and revealing additional fees as they progress through the purchase, with the total amount only disclosed at the final stage of the transaction.

• When indicating prices, include all mandatory charges over which consumers lack control.

Sneak into Basket:
slipping an item of goods not selected by the consumers into the shopping cart to induce their purchase.

• Do not slip products into consumers’ shopping carts to induce their purchase.
• Note also that this type of dark pattern may trigger a violation of Articles 13(2), 14(2), and 21(1)(iv) of the E-Commerce Act.

False Discount Claims:
inducing consumers to purchase a product at a high price by providing false information on discounts.

• Do not provide consumers with false information on the standard price, sales price, and discount rates.
• Do not (i) delete negative consumer reviews or arrange reviews to hide negative reviews and (ii) write fake positive reviews.
• Do not state that there is an inventory (or show labels or advertisements to such effect) when there is none.  If there is no stock remaining because all of the products have been sold, appropriate measures should be taken as soon as possible.
• When producing content (e.g., advertisement) or outsourcing the production thereof, clearly indicate the fact that the content is an advertisement.
• Note also that the above types of dark patterns may trigger a violation of Article 21(1)(i) of the E-Commerce Act or Article 3(1) of the Labeling and Advertising Act.

False Recommendations:
deleting negative consumer reviews or uploading fake positive reviews.

Bait and Switch:
luring consumers through false labels or advertisements of products not actually available for sale.

Disguised Ads:
formatting advertisements to make them appear as non-advertising content.

Trick Questions:
asking questions to steer consumers to provide answers or make decisions that are unintended or asking questions that require extremely close attention to grasp their accurate meaning.

• Phrase questions and design interfaces in a way that allows consumers to clearly understand what it is that they are consenting to or refusing.
• Note that this type of dark pattern may trigger a violation of Article 21(1)(i) of the E-Commerce Act.

False Hierarchy:
using visual designs to mislead consumers into believing that they have no option but to select a given choice.

• When configuring a web page with options available for consumers, present the options in a like manner.
• For example, do not present the “Cancellation” tab in gray text, as if to mislead consumers into believing that they do not have the option to cancel.

Preselection:
providing consumers with a pre-ticked checkbox that benefits the companies, thereby inducing consumers to go with the option already chosen for them.

• Where consumer consent or selection is necessary, design the interface in a way that requires consumers to take affirmative actions (e.g., clicking or touching a checkbox) for such a decision to take effect.

Roadblocks to Cancellation:
obstructing consumers’ attempts to cancel an order or close an account by complicating the process beyond the original purchase or registration procedure, or by restricting the methods of cancellation and termination.

• Allow consumers to cancel or withdraw in the same way they placed an order or signed up for services.
• Ensure that the process for cancellation or account closure is either simpler or comparable in complexity to the procedure consumers follow when placing an order or registering for a service.

Hidden Information:
concealing, omitting, or downplaying information crucial for making informed decisions.

• Do not entice consumers by concealing, omitting, or downplaying vital information about products.
• Note also that this type of dark pattern may trigger a violation of Articles 13(2) or 21(1)(i) of the E-Commerce Act.

Price Comparison Prevention:
making it challenging for consumers to compare prices or purchasing conditions.

• While online platforms are not liable for price comparison obstructions caused by inaccurate information provided by the sellers, make sure to design an interface that allows accurate comparison of product information.

Click Fatigue:
inducing consumers to give up on making a choice that benefits consumers or gathering information by causing fatigue through an excessive number of clicks required for the process.

• Create an environment that allows efficient use of online shopping websites.

Nagging:
pressing consumers to take a certain action through repeated demands/requests (e.g., pop-up notifications).

• Do not ask consumers more than twice as to whether they wish to reconsider their choices.
• Provide consumers with an option to refuse, for a specific amount of time, a pop-up window (or others similar in nature) that requires consumers to affirm or reconsider their choices.

Confirm Shaming:
employing emotional language to pressure consumers into making a certain choice.

• Do not use emotional language to the degree that it makes it difficult or impossible for consumers to accurately understand its intent/meaning.

False Limited Time Message:
pressuring consumers into making a purchase by falsely indicating that the discounted price applies only for a limited time.

• Do not provide false information on time-limited offers, remaining stock, or other consumers’ activities.
• Note also that providing false information may constitute a violation of Article 21(1)(i) of the E-Commerce Act or Article 3(1) of the Labeling and Advertising Act.

False Low Stock Messages:
pressuring consumers into making a purchase by falsely indicating that a product is either out of stock or in high demand.

False Activity Messages:
pressuring consumers into making a purchase by indicating the number of consumers who have recently viewed or purchased the product.